Eschatological Anxiety and Algorithmic Conspirituality: A Scripture-First Critique of Digital End-Time Narratives

Authors

  • Sixbert SANGWA Office of the President, Open Christian University, Sacramento, The United States Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.65655/OpenChristianPress.2026.116

Keywords:

eschatology, digital religion, algorithmic conspirituality, conspiracy narratives, stigmatized knowledge, geopolitics, discernment, misinformation, Scripture-first theology

Abstract

This article develops a Scripture-first theological critique of contemporary digital end-time narratives emerging at the intersection of geopolitical upheaval, platformized anxiety, and stigmatized knowledge. It argues that war, displacement, surveillance, institutional distrust, synthetic media, and informational disorder create understandable conditions for eschatological concern, but they do not justify the conversion of conjecture into prophecy or the elevation of self-sealing narrative systems into authoritative Christian teaching. Methodologically, the article offers an interdisciplinary conceptual analysis that brings biblical hermeneutics into conversation with scholarship on digital religion, conspiracy belief, conspirituality, algorithmic personalization, and public reports on geopolitical and informational risk. Its central contribution is a Scripture-first evaluative typology that distinguishes verified fact, plausible interpretation, and unsupported speculation. The article then identifies recurring doctrinal and hermeneutical distortions in online end-time discourse, including headline exegesis, date-setting, Gnostic epistemic elitism, algorithmic providentialism, totalized conspiracy, and the pastoral deformation of Christian hope into perpetual crisis scanning. The argument does not dismiss every extra-institutional concern as irrational, nor does it baptize every suspicious pattern as prophetic certainty. Instead, it contends that Christian watchfulness must remain disciplined by Scripture, proportionate evidence, theological humility, and pastoral responsibility. A biblically responsible eschatology is sober rather than sensational, discerning rather than paranoid, and strengthening rather than fear-amplifying. It teaches believers to test claims, resist false certainty, endure suffering, speak truthfully, and center hope in the appearing of Christ rather than in speculative mastery over every geopolitical convulsion or viral digital sign.

References

Barkun, M. (2015). Conspiracy theories as stigmatized knowledge. Diogenes, 62(3-4), 114-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0392192116669288

Bauckham, R. (1993). The theology of the Book of Revelation. Cambridge University Press. dn710800.ca.archive.org/0/items/ChristianE-booksIi/TheTheologyOfTheBookOfRevelation-RichardBauckham.pdf

Beale, G. K. (1999). The Book of Revelation: A commentary on the Greek text. Eerdmans. https://dokumen.pub/the-book-of-revelation-a-commentary-on-the-greek-text-080282174x-0833648514.html

Campbell, H. A. (Ed.). (2013). Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in new media worlds. Routledge. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Heidi-Campbell-8/publication/293958274_Digital_Religion_Understanding_Religious_Practice_in_New_Media_Worlds/links/56bcfa8408ae5e7ba40fbdf0/Digital-Religion-Understanding-Religious-Practice-in-New-Media-Worlds.pdf

Campbell, H. A., & Evolvi, G. (2020). Contextualizing current digital religion research on emerging technologies. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(1), 5-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.149

Collins, J. J. (1998). The apocalyptic imagination: An introduction to Jewish apocalyptic literature (2nd ed.). Eerdmans. https://www.amazon.com/Apocalyptic-Imagination-Introduction-Literature-Biblical/dp/0802843719

Cotter, K., Ritchart, A., De, A., Foyle, K., Kanthawala, S., McAtee, H., & Watson, T. X. (2024). If you're reading this, it's meant for you: The reflexive ambivalence of algorithmic conspirituality. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 30(6), 1897-1915. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548565241258949

Douglas, K. M., Sutton, R. M., & Cichocka, A. (2017). The psychology of conspiracy theories. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(6), 538-542. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417718261

Douglas, K. M., Uscinski, J. E., Sutton, R. M., Cichocka, A., Nefes, T., Ang, C. S., & Deravi, F. (2019). Understanding conspiracy theories. Political Psychology, 40(S1), 3-35. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12568

Foertsch, S., Chakraborty, R., & Joosse, P. (2024). Asymmetric conflation: QAnon and the political cooptation of religion. Politics and Religion, 17(1), 58-80. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755048323000275

Freedom House. (2025). Freedom on the Net 2025: An uncertain future for the global internet. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2025/uncertain-future-global-internet

Grusauskaite, K., Harambam, J., & Aupers, S. (2025). Reactionary exiles: How conspiracy theorists deal with socio-technological exclusion. Cultural Sociology, 19(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/17499755241248726

Henao, L. A. (2025, September 23). A doomsday prediction about the Rapture is spreading on TikTok. AP News. https://apnews.com/article/rapture-end-times-evangelical-christians-tiktok-e7d065520186503a6223ee12df1f02dd

Hjarvard, S. (2011). The mediatisation of religion: Theorising religion, media and social change. Culture and Religion, 12(2), 119-135. https://doi.org/10.1080/14755610.2011.579719

Kanthawala, S., Cotter, K., Ritchart, A., De, A., McAtee, H., Yun, C., & DeCook, J. (2025). Algorithmic conspirituality: Explicating its emergence, dimensions, and persuasibility. New Media & Society, 27(5), 2885-2910. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231217425

Koester, C. R. (2014). Revelation: A new translation with introduction and commentary. Yale University Press. https://www.amazon.com/Revelation-Translation-Introduction-Commentary-Commentaries/dp/0300216912

Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. (2025, June 17). How the public checks information it thinks might be wrong. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2025/how-public-checks-information-it-thinks-might-be-wrong

Sangwa, S. (2025). Secret societies, central banking, digital surveillance and the Great Reset: The serpentine strategy and biblical prophecy. Open Journal of Stigmatized Knowledge & Suppressed Discourses, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.65655/pe2j7b54

Sangwa, S. (2026). The stages of World War III as narrative policy: Computational mapping of conspiracy discourse and biblical prophecy. Open Journal of Stigmatized Knowledge & Suppressed Discourses, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.65655/ynayd346

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. (2025). Trends in world military expenditure, 2024. https://www.sipri.org/publications/2025/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-world-military-expenditure-2024

UNESCO. (2025, October 1). Deepfakes and the crisis of knowing. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/deepfakes-and-crisis-knowing

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2025, June 12). Global trends: Forced displacement in 2024. https://www.unhcr.org/global-trends

van Prooijen, J.-W., & Douglas, K. M. (2017). Conspiracy theories as part of history: The role of societal crisis situations. Memory Studies, 10(3), 323-333. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750698017701615

Ward, C., & Voas, D. (2011). The emergence of conspirituality. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 26(1), 103-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2011.539846

World Economic Forum. (2025). The global risks report 2025 (20th ed.). https://www.weforum.org/publications/global-risks-report-2025/

Downloads

Published

2026-05-14

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

SANGWA, S. (2026). Eschatological Anxiety and Algorithmic Conspirituality: A Scripture-First Critique of Digital End-Time Narratives. Open Journal of Stigmatized Knowledge & Suppressed Discourses (ISSN: 3105-3033), 2(2). https://doi.org/10.65655/OpenChristianPress.2026.116

Most read articles by the same author(s)

<< < 1 2 3 > >>